by
Damien F. Mackey
Upon close examination, the Book of Genesis appears to provide us with
several vital clues about the “Pharaoh” encountered by Abram and Sarai.
These may be such clues as can assist us in determining just who was, in the Egyptian records, this enigmatic ruler.
From a study of the structure of the relevant Genesis passages, from toledôt and chiasmus, as considered in my article:
Toledôt Explains Abram’s Pharaoh
https://www.academia.edu/26239534/Toled%C3%B4t_Explains_Abrams_Pharaoh
we learned that the biblical “Pharaoh”:
Was the same as the Abimelech of Gerar, ruler of the Philistines, contemporaneous with both Abram (Abraham) and Isaac.
which means that:
This particular monarch must have reigned for at least 60+ years (the span from Abram’s famine to the marriage of Isaac and Rebekah).
The era of Abram also closely approximated, so we have found - as archaeologically determined by Dr. John Osgood - the time of Narmer.
Now, while some consider this Narmer to have been the father of Egypt’s first dynastic king, Menes, my preference is for Narmer as the invasive Akkadian king, Naram-Sin.
Though I would also make allowance for him to have been, perhaps, the Elamite king, Chedorlaomer, of Genesis 14.
…. what makes most intriguing a possible collision of … Menes with a Shinarian potentate … is the emphatic view of Dr. W. F. Albright that Naram-Sin … had conquered Egypt, and that the “Manium” whom Naram-Sin boasts he had vanquished was in fact Menes himself (“Menes and Naram-Sin”, JEA, Vol. 6, No. 2, Apr., 1920, pp. 89-98).
I am also inclined to accept the view that the classical name “Menes” arose from the nomen, Min, of pharaoh Hor-Aha (“Horus the Fighter”).
Most importantly, according to Manetho, Hor (“Menes”) ruled for more than 60 years: http://www.phouka.com/pharaoh/pharaoh/dynasties/dyn01/01menes.html
Moreover, Emmet Sweeney has provided a strong argument for a close convergence in time of Abraham and Menes:
http://www.emmetsweeney.net/article-directory/item/70-abraham-and
First Conclusion
My tentative estimation would be that Abram came to Egypt at the approximate time of Narmer, and right near the beginning of the long reign of Hor-Aha (Menes), who in his youthfulness had fancied Sarai.
However, by the end of the pharaoh’s long reign, at the time when Isaac had married Rebekah, he (as Abimelech) no longer sought personal involvement with the young woman, but rather commented (Genesis 26:10): ‘What if one of the men had taken Rebekah for himself?’
In my recent article:
Abram and Egypt
(4) Abram and Egypt | Damien Mackey - Academia.edu
I added this Tenth Dynasty extension to Hor-Aha (Menes):
EXPANDING MENES
Just as I had earlier suggested that the Noachic Flood, when properly deciphered, might serve to bring into some sort of coherent synthesis those unwieldy and vast Geological Ages, so, too, do I believe that the Patriarchs of Genesis (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Joseph), in company with Moses of the Pentateuch, may serve to tidy up the early Egyptian Kingdoms and dynasties.
And here is a preview of how I think it may be done.
In this article I shall be proposing that those aforementioned Patriarchs and Moses span the entire period of Egyptian history from the very first king of the First Dynasty of the Old Kingdom (as we have already learned) to (and even slightly beyond), in the case of Moses, the last king (actually a woman) of the so-called Middle Kingdom.
Here is the schematic outline of it, with consideration of a possible Tenth Dynasty connection to Abraham and Isaac to follow after it:
Abraham and Isaac (1, 10 dynasties);
Joseph (3, 11 dynasties);
Moses (4-6, 12-13 dynasties).
Dynasties 7-9, which are thought to have followed the collapse of Egypt’s Old Kingdom as a First Intermediate Period (c. 2181-2055 BC), are omitted here.
The implications of the drastic revision that I have outlined above are that a period of Egyptian history Sothically calculated as spanning, very roughly, (3100-1780 =) 1320 years, was actually the same 430-year period that we had calculated from the arrival of Abram in Canaan, aged 75, down to the Exodus under Moses.
This is a time discrepancy between Egypt and the Bible of a whacking (1320-430 =) 890 years!
In terms of the Early Bronze Ages (I-IV), these can neatly be set out (to be elaborated on) as:
Abraham and Isaac (EBI);
Jacob and Joseph (EBII);
Moses (EBIII/IV).
Now, in fashion similar to my condensing of the Akkadian dynasty by identifying alter egos, or duplicate rulers, so here do I intend to shorten the early Egyptian history which, I think, fits so poorly against the biblical record.
The king of Egypt at the time of Abram (Abraham) I have identified as the first ruler of the First Dynasty, the very long-reigning Menes Hor-Aha (‘Min’).
And I have been able – following the structure of the Book of Genesis (toledôt and chiasmus) – to link that ruler with the Abimelech known to Abram (Genesis 20:2) and to Isaac (26:1).
Whilst Abimelech (אֲבִימֶ֙לֶךְ֙) is a Hebrew name, meaning “My Father is King”, it has a structure and meaning rather similar to that of the supposedly Second Dynasty Egyptian king, Raneb (or Nebra): that is, “Father Ra is King”.
Before I had come to the conclusion that Abram’s ruler of Egypt belonged to the First Dynasty, I had thought – the same as Dr. David Rohl, although quite independently of him – that that ruler must have been the Tenth Dynasty’s Khety.
Rohl numbers him as Khety IV Nebkaure, whereas I had numbered the same ruler as Khety III (N. Grimal, I note, has a Khety II Nebkaure, A History of Egypt, pp. 144, 148).
If the so-called Tenth Dynasty were really to be located this early in time, I had thought, then this would have had major ramifications for any attempted reconstruction of Egyptian history. Having Abram’s Egyptian ruler situated in the Tenth Dynasty did fit well with my view then, at least, that Joseph, who arrived on the scene about two centuries after Abraham, had belonged to the Eleventh Dynasty (as well as to the Third, as Imhotep).
Although I would later drop from my revision the notion of Khety (be he II, III or IV) as Abraham’s king of Egypt – not being able to connect him securely to the Old Kingdom era – I am now inclined to return to it.
Previously I had written on this:
So far, however, I have not been able to establish any compelling link between the 1st and 10th Egyptian dynasties (perhaps Aha “Athothis” in 1 can connect with “Akhthoes” in 10). Nevertheless, that pharaoh Khety appears to have possessed certain striking likenesses to Abram’s [king] has not been lost on David Rohl as well, who, in From Eden to Exile: The Epic History of the People of the Bible (Arrow Books, 2003), identified the “Pharaoh” with Khety (Rohl actually numbers him as Khety IV). And he will further incorporate the view of the Roman author, Pliny, that Abram’s “Pharaoh” had a name that Rohl considers to be akin to Khety’s prenomen: Nebkaure.
Here, for what it is worth, is what I have written about pharaoh Khety III:
There is a somewhat obscure incident in 10th dynasty history, associated with … Wahkare Khety III and the nome of Thinis, that may possibly relate to the biblical incident [of “Pharaoh” and Abram’s wife]. It should be noted firstly that Khety III is considered to have had to restore order in Egypt after a general era of violence and food shortage, brought on says N. Grimal by “the onset of a Sahelian climate, particularly in eastern Africa” [A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell, 1994, p. 139].
Moreover, Khety III’s “real preoccupation was with northern Egypt, which he succeeded in liberating from the occupying populations of Bedouin and Asiatics” [ibid., p. 145].
Could these eastern nomads have been the famine-starved Syro-Palestinians of Abram’s era – including the Hebrews themselves – who had been forced to flee to Egypt for sustenance?
And was Khety III referring to the Sarai incident when, in his famous Instruction addressed to his son, Merikare, he recalled, in regard to Thinis (ancient seat of power in Egypt):
Lo, a shameful deed occurred in my time:
The nome of This was ravaged;
Though it happened through my doing,
I learned it after it was done.
[Emphasis added]
Cf. Genesis 12:17-19:
But the Lord afflicted Pharaoh and his house with great plagues because of Sarai ….
So Pharaoh called Abram, and said,
‘What is this you have done to me?
Why did you not tell me that she was your wife?
Why did you say, ‘She is my sister’? so that I took her for my wife?
Now then, here is your wife, take her, and be gone’.
It may now be possible to propose some (albeit tenuous) links between the era of Khety and what is considered to be the far earlier Old Kingdom period to which I would assign Abraham. N. Grimal refers to another Aha (that being the name of Abraham’s proposed contemporary, Hor-Aha) as living at the same time as Khety II.
If Menes Hor-Aha (‘Min’) had really reigned for more than sixty years (Manetho-Africanus), then he is likely to have accumulated many other names and titles.
The death of Menes may be connected with the death of Akhthoes Khety.
Manetho says that a hippopotamus carried off Menes at the end of his life. How Menes died is part of his legend, with the hippopotamus version being only one possibility. Diodorus Siculus wrote he was chased by dogs, fell into a lake, and was rescued by crocodiles, leading scholars to think possibilities include death by dogs and crocodile.
It seems that Khety ruled over his neighboring nomarchs with an iron fist, and it is likely for this reason that in later times this ruler became Manetho's infamous Achthoes, a wicked king who went insane and then was killed by a crocodile.
Second Conclusion
Hor-aha (Menes) was also Khety Nebkaure of the Tenth Dynasty.
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